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The ''ラテン語:Intercursus Magnus'' was a major and long-lasting commercial treaty signed in February 1496 by Henry VII of England〔"In 1496 Portinari was among the negotiators of the ''ラテン語:Intercursus Magnus'', the great treaty which for many years was to regulate commercial intercourse between England and the Low Countries." De Roover 1966. He sources, on pages xxxix–xl, the ''フランス語:Correspondance de la filiale de Bruges des Medici'' (Armand Grunzwig, 1931), which was a compilation of correspondences between the Medici Bank branch at Bruges and the home branch in Florence.〕 and Philip IV, Duke of Burgundy. Other signatories included the commercial powers of Venice, Florence, the Netherlands, and the Hanseatic League. == Background and detail == The Wars of the Roses, a series of dynastic civil wars between two cadet branches of the house of Plantagenet, had been fought in several sporadic episodes, mainly between 1455 and 1485. In 1485, the Lancastrian Henry Tudor defeated the Yorkist king Richard III on Bosworth Field and married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV and sister to the Princes in the Tower, to unite the houses. In 1490, a young Fleming, Perkin Warbeck, appeared and claimed to be Richard, the younger of the Yorkist "Princes in the Tower" and, thus, a pretender to the English crown. In 1493, Warbeck won the support of Edward IV's sister Margaret, dowager duchess of Burgundy. She allowed him to remain at her court, and gave him 2,000 mercenaries. After the Black Death in the late 14th century, England began to dominate the European cloth market, with trade reaching a first peak in 1447 when exports reached 60,000 cloths.〔A "cloth" in medieval times was a single piece of woven fabric from a loom of a fixed size; an English broadcloth, for example, was 24 yards long and 1.75 yards wide (22 m by 1.6 m).〕 The Low Countries were one of England's major export markets, particularly Antwerp. The cloth trade was important to Burgundy, as well as being a major component of the English economy. It was a major act of domestic and foreign policy, thus, for Henry VII to issue a trade embargo — reciprocated by Philip IV, Duke of Burgundy — as a result of Margaret's meddling, with Henry forcing the Merchant Adventurers, the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade, to relocate from Antwerp to the Pale of Calais and ejecting Flemish merchants from England.〔 Margaret's influence faded after the threat of the removal of her dowager lands of County of Artois and Palatine Burgundy and it became clear that the embargo was hurting both the English and the Flemish economies, so the ''ラテン語:Intercursus Magnus'' was signed, with Margaret's acceptance of the Tudor inheritance a condition of the treaty. Philip was also keen to secure English help against France, and so the treaty had very favourable conditions for English merchants.〔 The treaty granted reciprocal trade privileges to English and Flemings and established fixed duties.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Intercursus magnus and intercursus malus )〕 These certainties greatly aided English export of wool, and thus both Henry VII's treasury and Flemish and Brabantine industry, whilst also providing freedoms to the Hollandic and Zeelandic fisheries.〔 Further treaty promises of impartial justice for English merchants in Burgundian courts〔 were poorly effected.〔 Perkin Warbeck's story ended before the start of the 16th century: in September 1496, he persuaded James IV of Scotland to invade England but, a year later, Warbeck landed in Cornwall with a few thousand troops, fomenting the Second Cornish Uprising of 1497. He was captured at Beaulieu Abbey in Hampshire and hanged at the Tyburn on 23 November 1499. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Intercursus Magnus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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